Kidneys which germ layer

Report an Error. Possible Answers: IV. Correct answer: IV. Explanation : Many of the glandular structures—both exocrine and endocrine—arise from endoderm. Which of the following is NOT a major germ layer formed during gastrulation?

Possible Answers: Endoderm. Correct answer: Cytoderm. Explanation : The correct answer is cytoderm. Possible Answers: An abnormality has occurred in the development of the endoderm. Genetic abnormalities in both the mesoderm and ectoderm.

A disruption of the mesoderm during development. There is not enough information to determine a likely cause. Correct answer: An abnormality has occurred in the development of the endoderm. Explanation : Gastrulation is the formation of the three layers of the embryo: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. The kidneys arise from which of the three embryonic germ layers? Correct answer: Mesoderm.

Explanation : The three embryonic germ layers are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Possible Answers: The blastomeres undergo compaction. The ectoderm differentiates into epithelial tissue.

Correct answer: The three primary germ layers are created. Explanation : The process of gastrulation generates the three primary germ layers ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm.

Possible Answers: Mesoderm. Correct answer: Ectoderm. Explanation : The correct answer is the ectoderm. Ectoderm differntiates into the epidermis, nervous system, eye lens, and hair. Mesoderm differentiates into muscle, cardiac and skeletal systems, blood, and spleen. Possible Answers: Hepatocytes. Correct answer: Neural crest. Explanation : The ectoderm is the outer layer of the embryo, which gives rise to the external ectoderm and the neuroectoderm.

Which of the following structures does not arise from the ectoderm? Petersburg, in St. Petersburg, Russia, published a series of studies that showed the presence of germ layers among invertebrates. Kovalevsky's work established the universality and homologous nature of the germ layers within the animal kingdom. According to Jane Oppenheimer, a biologist and historian of science who worked at Bryn Mawr College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania during the twentieth century, Kovalevsky's research prompted some of the most prominent scientists of the nineteenth century to research on the germ layers.

The concept of the germ layers as invariant across species soon became entrenched and formed the basis of germ layer theory. Germ layer theory held that each of the germ layers , regardless of species, gave rise to a fixed set of organs.

In Ernst Haeckel combined observations of germ layers with evolutionary theory to hypothesize that an unknown two-layered organism, which he called a gastraea , was ancestral to all other animals; this came to be known as the Gastraea Theory.

One year later, Edwin Ray Lankester , Professor of Zoology at University College , London, in London, England, published a theory similar to Haeckel's along with a classification of all animals based on their composition of germ layers : homoblastic, diploblastic, and triploblastic.

Researchers still use Lankester's classification. In the late s, several years after Haeckel's and Lankester's publications, many embryologists challenged germ layer theory and Haeckel's Gastraea theory. In a series of publications from through , the Hertwig brothers provided evidence that the germ layers had greater capacities for differentiation than most scientists recognized.

In the Hertwigs formulated their Coelom theory, which focused on the role of mesoderm and also introduced the term and concept of mesenchyme , a type of animal tissue derived mostly from mesoderm. Amid the varied arguments supporting or denying germ layer theory, some embryologists in the s began to refocus their efforts on methods that could help them further understand how animals develop, and they employed physical manipulations of embryos rather than purely observational or descriptive embryology.

In Charles Sedgwick Minot, a professor at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, predicted that the transplantation of cells from one germ layer onto another resulted in those cells adopting the fate of their new environment.

More than twenty years later, in , Hilde Proescholdt Mangold and her doctoral advisor at the Zoological Institute in Freiburg, Germany, Hans Spemann , found evidence for Minot's prediction and dismantled the foundation of the germ layer theory. Mangold harvested presumptive ectoderm from the dorsal lip, a tissue that organizes the gastrula stage, of an embryonic newt and transplanted this tissue to a different germ layer of the gastrula of a second species of newt.

The transplanted ectoderm responded to the local environment on the developing host newt, and induced the formation of an extra head, nervous system structure, or extra body. That experiment demonstrated that the fates of germ layer cells are not entirely predetermined at the start of development. In the fifteen years following Mangold's work, embryologists continued to explore the potential for the three germ layers to differentiate along different routes and they produced evidence that further weakened the germ layer theory.

He employed transplantation, recombination, and fate mapping experiments to investigate the capacity of the germ layers to transform into tissues atypical of normal differentiation. Throughout the remainder of the twentieth century, researchers continued to accumulate evidence that invalidated the theory that germ layers are pre-defined or highly-fated tissues. In the early s Robert Briggs, at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, and Thomas King, at the Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, transplanted nuclei from the presumptive endoderm of the northern leopard frog , Rana pipiens , into eggs from which they had removed the nuclei.

Briggs and King tracked the development of these transplanted nuclei to explore the timing of cell differentiation , and with those experiments they laid the foundation for future research in cloning. In the late s Pieter D. The nephric ducts, or Wolffian ducts lie adjacent to the gonads, and serves as the anlage for certain structures of the male reproductive system.

A second pair of ducts, the paramesonephric ducts or Mullerian ducts develop lateral to the mesonephric ducts and eventually form structures of the female reproductive system. Both sets of ducts empty into the urogenital sinus. An early embryo has the potential to follow either the male or the female pattern of development, as it contains both sets of ducts and genital ridges that can differentiate into either testes or ovaries.

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