In football, that could mean increased stamina or strength. A player who is doping may have the edge in extra time, or be able to increase their sprint speed for crucial matches thanks to their use. The International Olympic Committee IOC defines doping as "the intentional or unintentional use of prohibited substances and prohibited methods on the current doping list". Athletes who consume banned stimulants are risking their emotional, mental and physical health with long-lasting damage.
Several doping substances not only negatively impact the physicality of the athlete, but can also impair the mental state of the player — with side-effects including anxiety, hallucinations and psychosis. Many athletes will feel under considerable pressure to constantly perform at the highest levels — both by themselves and their peers — and, as shown by cases across sports, some will be tempted to resort to doping to enhance their chances of winning.
Young athletes at the start of their career are especially prone to this pressure. Athletes who have suffered substantial injuries will be tempted to dope in the hopes of accelerating their healing process. Doping testing out of competition - when an athlete is injured and not training - is a challenge for some sports.
Ignorance, peer pressure and a lack of insight about the negative effects of doping leads to some athletes taking substances that they don't know are banned. They may not be aware that the substances that they have chosen to take are forbidden, leading to positive doping tests through wrong diet or food supplements, but ignorance often doesn't prevent lengthy bans.
The consensus among major sporting governing bodies and organisations has been to strictly regulate the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport, in order to prevent the health risks, promote equal opportunity for athletes, and to maintain a drug-free image of sport for the public. Prior to the World Cup, WADA announced that they would be doubling the punishment for first-time offenders from two to four years in the fight to prevent doping in sport, although there are exceptions.
A new regulation was added that offered athletes accused of doping possible 'immunity' from punishment should they return 'substantial' information on knowledge about other instances of doping.
As per FIFA guidelines, all players are obliged to undergo doping controls that consist of urine samples and blood samples. FIFA rules state that each player bound by anti-doping regulations be made to undergo doping controls requested by FIFA or another governing association, with a player able to be tested at any time, as often as desired and in any place out of competition.
Players must also submit to all medical examinations that are deemed necessary by the officials. FIFA states that players are not required to undergo the doping procedure alone. They can be accompanied by the team doctor or a team-mate when submitting samples. Each substance the sample contains has a unique "fingerprint" and as the scientists already know the weight of many steroids, they are able to rapidly detect doping.
But there are difficulties with the system. Some by-products of doping substances are so small they may not produce a strong enough signal for detection.
Blood testing is capable of detecting EPO and synthetic oxygen carriers, but not blood transfusions. Blood doping is banned by the International Olympic Committee and other sports organizations. The three widely used types of blood doping are:. Here are some more details about each of these types of blood doping:. Blood transfusions.
In normal medical practice, patients may undergo blood transfusions to replace blood lost due to injury or surgery. Transfusions also are given to patients who suffer from low red blood cell counts caused by anemia , kidney failure , and other conditions or treatments.
Illicit blood transfusions are used by athletes to boost performance. There are two types. Autologous transfusion. This involves a transfusion of the athlete's own blood, which is drawn and then stored for future use. Homologous transfusion. In this type of transfusion, athletes use the blood of someone else with the same blood type.
EPO injections. EPO is a hormone produced by the kidney. It regulates the body's production of red blood cells. In medical practice, EPO injections are given to stimulate the production of red blood cells. For example, a synthetic EPO can be used to treat patients with anemia related to chronic or end-stage kidney disease. Athletes using EPO do so to encourage their bodies to produce higher than normal amounts of red blood cells to enhance performance. Synthetic oxygen carriers. These are chemicals that have the ability to carry oxygen.
Athletes use synthetic oxygen carriers to achieve the same performance-enhancing effects of other types of blood doping: increased oxygen in the blood that helps fuel muscles. We can't avoid the bodily enhancements that turn up in sports. What will we see next? Some officials say athletes will tamper with their very genes. In gene doping, athletes would modify their genes to perform better in sports.
Gene doping could stretch the physical limits of human strength and endurance. What are the consequences of gene therapy in sports competition, and more, importantly, is it safe? How would athletes do it? They might add genes to the ones they were born with, or they might tinker with how the body uses the genes they have.
Gene doping is an unintentional spin-off of gene therapy in which, doctors add or modify genes to prevent or treat illness. Gene doping would apply the same techniques to enhancing someone who is healthy. Genetic material can be introduced into a cell either in vivo or ex vivo. The athlete must have a physician complete a TUE form that states the athlete needs the drug to treat their medical condition and that an alternative non-banned drug is not available or insufficiently treats their condition.
It is important to note that even some over-the-counter OTC medications and supplements are either banned or contain banned additives or contaminants. WADA has banned pseudoephedrine i. There are many other examples of commonly used drugs that may be permitted by one group and disallowed by another.
In any case, the athlete should work closely with the supervising medical team to determine which drugs are safe and permitted for use. Who determines whether a doping violation has occurred? As stated previously, the organizations that monitor for doping violations vary between sports. The largest anti-doping organization is WADA. Athletes who participate in sports that have signed the WADA code are subject to random in and out of competition testing.
The frequency and type of testing varies between sport based upon a variety of factors including history of doping in the sport, type of sports e. Penalties for a doping violation vary greatly between sports.
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