The Invention of Contract Bridge So, just how did we get from auction bridge to the game of contract bridge? Well, it turns out we all have Harold S.
Vanderbilt to thank. Harold Stirling Vanderbilt born — yes, he is that Vanderbilt — found himself on the cruise ship Finland in October of and was looking for a way to make auction bridge better. And, well, that gave us the version of contract bridge we know and love today. The World Bridge Federation The World Bridge Federation takes care of everything internationally bridge: The organization was founded in to encompass the interests of bridge clubs and players the world over.
They say the two colors Red and Black refer to the Solstice and Equinox phases. They see the four Suits as the four Seasons, the entire pack of 52 cards representing the 52 weeks of the year, and the 13 cards in each Suit being the same as the weeks in each quarter of the year Winter, Spring, Summer, Fall.
Bridge was derived from Russian Whist, called was called Biritch, meaning an announcer players "announce or herald" their auction. Books on Whist date back to the mid's. The first book was written by none other than Edmond Hoyle, titled Short Treatise.
Eventually, the French began using ordinary stencils, which could be cheaply produced. Thus, the cost-effective French cards were widely used in England and the United States. For some time, the designations on the "face cards" varied, but when the French accepted Napoleon as their leader, they reinstated the notion of the King and Queen.
However, Napoleon didn't care for their medieval look, believing they should be "archaeologically correct". So an artist was assigned to design authentic costumes on the cards. But Napoleon's cards weren't liked by the masses so the medieval cards resurfaced. In fact, he enjoyed small wagers on the game, apparently to make it more exciting.
In , the English began playing Whist in a "duplicate" method to eliminate most of the luck associated with the deal of the cards. In , American's began playing inner-club matches. In , a duplicate tray was invented, used to hold the cards separately so players could replay the identical cards. The idea was to eliminate chance and provide a true test of skill. The boards were originally called the Kalamazoo tray. Early accounts indicate that in , some of the British civil servants stationed in India created a method of bidding the trump suit, coined "auction bridge.
By , Bridge was introduced in New York, using formal rules that were recently printed by Henry Barbey. Then in , the American multi-millionaire Harold Vanderbilt, introduced exciting scoring bonuses in Bridge while on a cruise ship.
The oldest known Biritch rule book dated is by John Collinson. It and his subsequent letter to The Saturday Review dated May 28, , document the origin of Biritch as from the Russian community in Constantinople and having some features in common with Solo Whist. The game had many significant bridge-like developments: dealer chose the trump suit, or nominated his partner to do so; there was a call of notrumps biritch ; dealer's partner's hand became dummy; points were scored above and below the line; game was 3NT, 4H and 5D although 8 club odd tricks and 15 spade odd tricks were needed ; the score could be doubled and redoubled; and there were slam bonuses.
This game, and variants of it known as bridge and bridge-whist, became popular in the United States and the UK in the s despite the long-established dominance of whist. In auction bridge was developed, in which the players bid in a competitive auction to decide the contract and declarer. The object became to make at least as many tricks as were contracted for and penalties were introduced for failing to do so.
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